1. Ronald De Wolk, Introduction to Online Journalism: Publishing News and Information, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001, p, 6.
?‡?…?†?†???† ?†?¯?§?‡ ?©?†???¯ ?¨?‡:
?¯?©???± ?©?§?¸?… ?…?¹???…?¯?†???§?¯?Œ ?«???ˆ?†?³?©?ˆ ?ˆ ?…?³?§?¦?„ ??‚?ˆ?‚?? ?¨???†â€Œ?§?„?…?„?„?? ?§?±???¨?§?·?§?? ?§?„?©???±?ˆ?†???»?Œ ?¯?²?§?±?´ ?´?±?©?? ?ˆ ?§?±?§?¦?‡ ?…?‚?§?„?‡ ?¯?± ?¯?ˆ?…???† ?©?†?¯?±?‡ ?¨???†â€Œ?§?„?…?„?„?? ???ˆ?†?³?©?ˆ ?¯?±?¨?§?±?‡ ?«?§?®?„?§?‚ ?§?·?„?§?¹?§??: ?†?§?„?´?‡?§?? ?§?®?„?§?‚???Œ ??‚?ˆ?‚?? ?ˆ ?§?¬???…?§?¹?? ???¶?§?? ?³???¨?±?†?????©?»?Œ ?…?ˆ?†??‌?©?§?±?„?ˆ: ???©?… ???§ ?³?ˆ?… ?§?©???¨?± 1998 (9 ???§ 11 ?…?‡?±?…?§?‡ 1377)?Œ ???‡?±?§?†: ?§?†???´?§?±?§?? ???ˆ?†?³?©?ˆ?Œ ?®?±?¯?§?¯ 1378.
2. Barry M. Leiner, et al., "A Brief History of the Internet," Internet Society, retrieved from World Wide Web, June 6, 2003; also see:
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtmlhttp://www2.epic.org/cda/cda_decision.htmlhttp://wwwinfo.cern.ch/pdp/ns/ben/TCPHIST.htmlhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WD-html40/intro/intro.htmlhttp://www.wdvl.com/WDVL History of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
3. De Wolk, p. 6.
4. Larry Pryour, "A Century Closes, A Century Opens," in Roland De Wolk, Introduction to Online Journalism: Publishing News and Information, Op. Cit., p. 22.
5. "Nielsen – NetRatings The global standard for digital media measurement and analysis," retrieved from world Wi de Web, June 4, 2003:
http://www.nielsennetratings.com/news.jsp?section=dat_gi6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. "Special Report: The Communications Revolutions," Time, the Weekly News Magazine, Vol. 154, No. 15, October 1999, p. 47.
9. "Nua Internet How Many Online," retrieved from World Wide Web, May 6, 2003.
http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/world.htmlalso see:
http://www.etforecasts.com/pr/pr1202.htm10. ArabiaTech: Iran reviews the Global Picture, "Nua Internet Surveys Iran Reviews", retrieved form World Wide Web, May 6, 2003.
http://www.arabia.com/content/tech/6_98/irannet_28.6.98.shtml11. Available at:
http://welcome.cern.ch/welcome/gateway.html12. Mark Deuze, "Online Journalism: Modeling the First Generation of New Media on the World Wide Web," retrieved from World Wide Web, June 6, 2003.
http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue6_10/deuze/index.html13. Ibid., also see:
http://emedial.mediainfo.com/emedia14. William McCuire, "The Nature of Attitude and Attitude Change," in Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1969, pp. 235-272; also see, Alexis S. Tan, Mass Communication Theories and Research, Columbus, Ohio: Grid Publishing, Inc., 1981, pp. 167-190.
15. Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957.
16. Wilbur Schramm, "The Nature of News," Mass Communications, ed., Wilbur Schramm, Urban, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1949, pp. 288-308.
17. Ibid. p. 290.
18. Wilbur Schramm, "How Communication Works," The Process and Effects of Mass Communication, ed. Wilbur Schramm, Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1954, pp. 3-6.
19. Sung Tae Kim David Weaver and Lars Willnat, "Media Reporting and Perceived Credibility of Online Polls," Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 4, Winter 2000; S. S hyam Sundar, "Multimedia Effects on Processing and Perception on Online News: A Study of Picture, Audio, and Video Downloads," Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 1, Autumn 2000.
20. Jim Hall, Online Journalism: A Critical Primer, London: Pluto Press, 2001; also see, Doug Millison, "Online Journalism FAQ," retrieved from World Wide Web, Aug. 22, 2002.
http://www.online-journalist.com/faq.htmlAnd:
Mark Deuze, "Online Journalism: Modeling the First Generation of News Media on the World Wide Web, / retrieved from World Wide Web, June 6, 2003:
http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue6_10/deuze/index.html21. Spiro Kiousis, "Public Trust or Mistrust? Perceptions of Media Credibility in the Information Age," Mass Communication & Society, Vol. 4, No. 4, Fall 2001, pp. 381-403
Also see:
Finberg, H., Stone, H., and Lynch, D. (2001). "Digital Journalism Credibility Study". Available at:
www.journalists.org/Programs/credibility_study.pdfFogg, B.J. (2002). Prominence-Interpretation Theory: Explaining How People Assess Credibility. A Research Report by the Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab. Available at:
http://credibility.stanford.edu/pit.htmlFogg, B.J., Soohoo, C., Danielsen, D., Marable, L., Stanford, J., & Tauber, E. (2002). How Do People Evaluate a Website's Credibility? Results from a Large Study.
Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab, Stanford University; available at:
http://www.consumerwebwatch.org/news.report3_credibilityresearch/stanfordPTL_abstract.htmhttp://credibility.stanford.edu/sostcredible.htmlhttp://cerdibility.stanford.edu/www.webcredibility.org22. ?†?¹???… ?¨?¯???¹???Œ ?«?¨?±?±?³?? ?…???²?§?† ?§?¹???…?§?¯ ?…?±?¯?… ?¨?‡ ?±?³?§?†?‡â€Œ?‡?§?? ?®?¨?±?? ?ˆ ?±?§?¨?·?‡ ?¢?† ?¨?§ ?§?¹???…?§?¯ ?¨?‡ ?†?‡?§?¯?‡?§?? ?¯?ˆ?„?????»?Œ ???‡?±?§?†: ?ˆ?²?§?±?? ???±?‡?†?¯ ?ˆ ?§?±?´?§?¯ ?§?³?„?§?…???Œ ?…?±?©?² ?…?·?§?„?¹?§?? ?ˆ ????‚???‚?§?? ?±?³?§?†?‡â€Œ?‡?§?Œ 1382.
23. Karin Deutch Karlekar, "Press Freedom in 2002," in Freedom of the Press 2003: A Global Survey of Media Independence, edited by Karin Deutch Karlekar, retrieved from World Wide Web, Aug. 7, 2003.
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs200324. Ibid., p. 2.
25. Ibid., p. 11.
26. Ibid., p. 93
27. Leonard R. Sussman, "Press Freedom, the Past Quarter Century: the Vile and the Valiant," in Freedom of the Press 2003: A Global Survey of Media Independence, edited by Karin Deutch Karlekar, retrieved from World Wide Web, Aug. 7, 2003, p. 25.
www.freedomhouse.org/pfs200328. Ibid., p. 24.
29. "Internet Censorship Newest Threat to Press Freedom, Survey Warns,"
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs200030. Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor C. Boas, "The Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba, and the Counterrevolution," retrieved from World Wide Web, Aug. 7, 2003
http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue6_8/kalathil/index.htmlAlso see, Joy Shaw, "Internet Censorship in China," available at:
http://www.ojr.org/ojr/business/1017967553.phphttp://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/china/china-T.html31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Available at:
http://news.xinguanet.com/english/2002-10/11/content_593460.htm34. Available at:
http://www.nua.ie/surveys/index.cgi?f=VS&art_id=905358637&rel=truehttp://www.nua.ie/surveys/index.cgi?f=VS&art_id=905357933&rel=true35. Available at:
http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue6_8/kalathil/index.html36. Ibid.
37. Susan Gavi, "Crossing Censorship Boundaries," available at:
http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1017967030.php38. Associated Press, May 12, 1997.
39. "Saudis Likely to Surf Web by Early '99," Agence France-Presse, July 16, 1998.
40. "Internet, TV a Threat," Associated Press, January 23, 1999.
41. Susan Gavi, "Crossing Censorship Boundaries," Op. Cit.
42. "Etisalat Will Not Allow Internet Telephony," Khaleej Times, UAE, Oct. 30, 1998.
43. Susan Gavi, "Crossing Censorship Boundaries," Op. Cit.
44. Available at:
http://www.emrooz.org/pages/date/82-04/11/news01.html45. Mahsti Afshar, "Guide to Online News in Iran," available at:
http://www.ojr.org/ojr/world_reports/1017959826.php46. ?±?ˆ?²?†?§?…?‡ ?§???±?§?†?Œ ?´?´?… ?®?±?¯?§?¯ 1382?Œ ?µ????‡ 1
47. ?‡?…?§?†
48. "Iran Blocks Reform, Porn Web Sites," CBS News, from the Associated Press, July 1, 2003, retrieved from World Wide Web, July 2, 2003:
http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/world/main202.shtml"Iran: Government blocks 'offensive' websites," retrieved from World Wide Web, July 17, 2003:
http://www.indexonline.org/indexindex/index.shtml"Iran targets Web sites, political to pornographic," International Herald Tribune, June 30, 2003: retrieved from World Wide Web, July 17, 2003:
http://www.iranexpert.com
?¨?§?†?©?¯?§?±?Œ ?§?„?©???±?ˆ?†?Œ?©?Œ?› ?…?‚?§?ˆ?…??‌?‡?§ ?ˆ ???±?¯?Œ?¯?‡?§ ?´?‡?±?§?… ?´?±?Œ?? سه شنبه ۲۹ اسفند ۱۳۸۵ 
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